What does it mean to farm without soil?
In the agricultural industry, soil-less farming commonly known as hydroponics is a groundbreaking innovation. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich mineral solutions. Compared to traditional soil-based farming, this technique requires less space, promotes faster plant growth, is more environmentally friendly, and significantly reduces water usage. Research suggests that soil-less farming can substantially boost agricultural yields, potentially increasing them more than tenfold. Additionally, smart farms employing this method use up to 90% less water than conventional farming practices.
What are they and how do they work?
Deepwater culture system (DWC) or Reservoir method-
Deep Water Culture (DWC) is a hydroponic growing method that sustains plant roots in a well-oxygenated solution of nutrients and water. This technique involves filling a shallow rectangular tank typically less than a foot deep—with a nutrient-rich solution, where plants are floated on Styrofoam boards. With an ample supply of essential nutrients and oxygen, DWC promotes highly efficient plant growth. The synergy between nutrient-rich water and oxygen stimulates root expansion, resulting in a robust and extensive root system.
Wick System-
The wick system is a hydroponic growing method that uses a soft cloth thread, such as cotton or nylon, to absorb water and nutrients from a solution and transport them to plants in pots or trays. This passive system is simpler and more cost-effective than active hydroponic methods like Ebb and Flow. However, it is less efficient and not suitable for high-maintenance or large plants that require significant water intake. The wick system is best suited for fast-growing crops like lettuces and herbs.
Aeroponics-
Aeroponics is a soil-free cultivation method where plants grow in an air or mist environment, with their roots suspended and sprayed with nutrient-rich hydroponic solutions. Unlike traditional methods, it does not rely on soil or an aggregate medium. This technique delivers precise nutrient distribution and ample oxygen to the roots, promoting rapid growth. However, due to the use of small spray nozzles, the system is prone to clogging. The primary advantage of aeroponics is the constant exposure of roots to air, ensuring an uninterrupted oxygen supply. Despite its benefits, the method comes with drawbacks, including high initial setup costs, significant maintenance expenses, and the need for advanced technical expertise.
Nutrient Film Technique
The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is a widely used and versatile hydroponic method. It operates by using a pump to deliver nutrient-rich water to the grow tray while a drain pipe recycles any unused solution, similar to the Ebb and Flow system. However, unlike Ebb and Flow, NFT maintains a continuous flow of the nutrient solution over the roots, ensuring constant hydration and nutrient absorption.
Hydroponics vs. Field Farming: Advantages-
Space-saving technique-
One of the most significant advantages of hydroponic gardening is its efficient use of space. In traditional soil-based farming, plant roots spread out in search of water and nutrients. In contrast, hydroponic systems require far less space, as the nutrient-rich water provides everything the plants need for growth, eliminating the need for extensive root expansion.
Conserve more water-
Hydroponic farming allows for substantial water conservation, as these systems efficiently recirculate water, minimizing overall consumption.
Less use of chemicals-
Many modern farmers prefer hydroponic gardening because it requires fewer pesticides than traditional farming. While insect issues can still occur, they are less frequent, reducing the need for herbicides and pesticides.
Healthier Plants with Bigger Yields-
In hydroponic farming, plants tend to grow healthier than in traditional soil-based farming. Since they receive direct access to nutrients, they can focus their energy on growth rather than searching for sustenance, leading to higher yields. According to a report by V. Chandrshekaran, founder of a hydroponics technology company, the average annual lettuce yield per acre in soil-based farming is 9–10 tons, whereas in hydroponic farming, it reaches an impressive 300–400 tons.
Market Statistics
Hydroponics is progressively gaining traction in India, attracting an increasing number of farmers. The Indian hydroponics market was worth USD 2,624.26 thousand in 2018 and USD 9.5 billion in 2020, according to research; the global hydroponics market is predicted to reach $17.9 billion by 2026, according to research.
According to research, between 2020 and 2027, India's hydroponics market will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 13.53%.
Soil-less farming is opening up new possibilities for feeding the world's growing urban population. Meanwhile, traditional soil-based farming will be insufficient to meet the world's expanding food needs. Consumers in India have embraced hydroponics, and it is quickly catching on in other countries across the world.
Author's Detail:
Kalyani Raje /
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With a work experience of over 10+ years in the market research and strategy development. I have worked with diverse industries, including FMCG, IT, Telecom, Automotive, Electronics and many others. I also work closely with other departments such as sales, product development, and marketing to understand customer needs and preferences, and develop strategies to meet those needs.
I am committed to staying ahead in the rapidly evolving field of research and analysis. This involves regularly attending conferences, participating in webinars, and pursuing additional certifications to enhance my skill set. I played a crucial role in conducting market research and competitive analysis. I have a proven track record of distilling complex datasets into clear, concise reports that have guided key business initiatives. Collaborating closely with multidisciplinary teams, I contributed to the development of innovative solutions grounded in thorough research and analysis.
