Global Automotive Lithium ion Battery
Market Report
2025
The global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size will be USD 57142.6 million in 2024. Growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and their reliance on high-performance batteries is expected to boost sales to USD 173561.45 million by 2031, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17.20% from 2024 to 2031.
The base year for the calculation is 2024. The historical will be 2021 to 2024. The year 2025 will be estimated one while the forecasted data will be from year 2025 to 2033. When we deliver the report that time we updated report data till the purchase date.
PDF Access: Password protected PDF file, Excel File Access: Quantitative data, PPT Report Access: For the presentation purpose, Cloud Access: Secure Company Account Access.
Share your contact details to receive free updated sample copy/pages of the recently published edition of Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Report 2025.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size will be USD 57142.6 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.20% from 2024 to 2031.
2024 | 2025 | 2032 | 2033 | CAGR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 57142.6 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 17.2% |
North America Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 22857 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.4% |
Canada Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2742.84 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.2% |
United States Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 18034.2 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.2% |
Mexico Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2079.99 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.9% |
Europe Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 17142.8 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.7% |
Spain Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1405.71 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 14.8% |
United Kingdom Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2879.99 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.5% |
Russia Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2657.13 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 14.7% |
Italy Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1474.28 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.1% |
Germany Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 3394.27 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.9% |
France Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1577.14 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 14.9% |
Rest of Europe Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2657.13 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 14.4% |
Asia Pacific Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 13142.8 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 19.2% |
China Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 5914.26 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 18.7% |
Australia Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 683.43 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 18.9% |
India Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1577.14 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 21% |
Korea Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1314.28 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 18.3% |
Japan Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1813.71 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 17.7% |
Rest of APAC Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 933.14 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 19% |
South America Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 2857.13 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.6% |
Argentina Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 480 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 17.5% |
Brazil Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1222.85 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 17.2% |
Chile Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 205.71 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.9% |
Peru Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 234.28 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.8% |
Colombia Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 254.28 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.4% |
Rest of South America Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 460 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.7% |
Middle East and Africa Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 1142.85 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.9% |
Turkey Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 98.29 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 16.4% |
Egypt Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 120 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 17.2% |
Rest of MEA Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Sales Revenue | $ 134.86 Million | 121212 | 121212 | 121212 | 15.9% |
Base Year | 2024 |
Historical Data Time Period | 2021-2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Market Split by Material Type Outlook: |
|
Market Split by Vehicle Type Outlook: |
|
Market Split by Distribution Channel Outlook: |
|
List of Competitors |
|
Regional Analysis |
|
Country Analysis |
|
Market Drivers:
| |
Market Restrains:
| |
Market Trends:
|
Report scope is customizable as we have a huge database of Automotive Lithium ion Battery industry. We can deliver an exclusive report Edition/Consultation as per your data requirements. Request for your Free Sample Pages.
Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market is Segmented as below. Particular segment of your interest can be provided without any additional cost. Download the Sample Pages!
The automotive lithium-ion battery market is a pivotal segment within the electric vehicle (EV) industry, driven by the growing demand for clean energy solutions and the shift towards electric mobility. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred energy storage technology for EVs due to their high energy density, long lifespan, lightweight design, and faster charging capabilities compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. These batteries are essential in powering electric vehicles, providing efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy storage solutions. Key drivers of market growth include government incentives for EV adoption, increasing environmental awareness, and advancements in battery technologies that improve performance and reduce costs. As electric vehicles become more mainstream, the demand for automotive lithium-ion batteries is expanding rapidly, leading to significant investments in manufacturing and research for enhanced battery capacity, charging speed, and longevity. Additionally, the rise of hybrid vehicles, energy storage systems, and growing consumer preference for eco-friendly transportation are fueling further expansion in the automotive lithium-ion battery market.
In July 2024, Panasonic Energy, a subsidiary of Panasonic Holdings Corporation, announced the launch of a new research and development (R&D) facility in Japan dedicated to advancing battery production technologies. This new R&D centre is strategically aimed at innovating lithium-ion battery technologies to meet the burgeoning demands of the electric vehicle (EV) market. The facility will focus on developing new materials, enhancing battery performance, and improving manufacturing processes to increase energy density and reduce costs.
(Source:https://news.panasonic.com/global/press/en240411-2)
The growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) is one of the primary driving factors for the automotive lithium-ion battery market. As the global automotive industry transitions toward more sustainable, eco-friendly transportation solutions, lithium-ion batteries are essential for powering EVs due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and relatively lighter weight compared to traditional battery technologies. Governments worldwide are implementing stringent emission regulations and offering incentives for EV adoption, fueling this trend. With the increasing adoption of EVs, the demand for lithium-ion batteries, which offer efficient energy storage for electric motors, is expected to rise significantly. Additionally, advancements in EV battery technology, including improvements in range, charging speed, and cost-efficiency, further drive the market. The shift toward electric mobility, including passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and electric two-wheelers, has positioned lithium-ion batteries as the key energy solution in the automotive sector, accelerating market growth. For instance, GS Yuasa International Ltd. revealed plans to develop a new high-capacity lithium-ion battery specifically designed for electric vehicles. This new battery aims to improve energy density by 20% compared to existing models, which will extend the driving range of EVs and support faster charging capabilities.
Advancements in lithium-ion battery technology significantly contribute to the market's growth. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to improve battery performance, including increased energy density, faster charging times, and longer operational lifespans. Innovations such as solid-state batteries, silicon anode technologies, and improvements in electrolyte materials are enhancing the overall efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, making them more cost-effective and practical for automotive applications. Furthermore, advancements in thermal management and battery management systems (BMS) are helping to enhance battery safety, charging speed, and operational reliability. As the automotive industry increasingly shifts toward electrification, these technological improvements are critical to reducing costs and improving the performance of electric vehicles.
The production of lithium-ion batteries involves expensive raw materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which contribute to the overall cost of battery packs. Additionally, the complex manufacturing processes and advanced technologies required for producing high-performance batteries further elevate costs. These high production costs are reflected in the price of electric vehicles (EVs), making them less affordable for cost-conscious consumers, especially in emerging markets. While technological advancements are expected to reduce costs over time, the current expense of manufacturing lithium-ion batteries remains a barrier to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, limiting market growth.
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the automotive lithium-ion battery market, primarily due to disruptions in the global supply chain. Factory shutdowns, delays in the production of key raw materials, and restrictions on international trade led to shortages and price increases for critical components like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. This, in turn, affected battery manufacturing and delayed the production of electric vehicles (EVs). Additionally, the pandemic caused a temporary decline in consumer demand for vehicles, slowing the adoption of electric mobility. However, the recovery period saw a surge in demand for EVs and energy storage systems as governments and consumers increasingly focused on sustainability.
We have various report editions of Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market, hence please contact our sales team and author directly to obtain/purchase a desired Edition eg, Global Edition, Regional Edition, Country Specific Report Edition, Company Profiles, Forecast Edition, etc. Request for your Free Sample PDF/Online Access.
The automotive lithium-ion battery market is highly competitive, with major leading the market through innovations in battery technology, improving energy density, charging speed, and lifespan. Strategic partnerships with automakers, large-scale production capabilities, and investments in R&D are key strategies for maintaining market leadership. Additionally, the rise of new entrants and regional players further intensifies competition as the demand for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions continues to grow.
In November 2023, Toshiba Corporation developed a new lithium-ion battery using a cobalt-free 5V-class high-potential cathode material that considerably suppresses performance-degrading gases produced as side reactions. This battery can operate in a wide range of applications, from power tools to electric vehicles.
(Source:https://www.global.toshiba/ww/technology/corporate/rdc/rd/topics/23/2311-02.html)
In June 2023, Samsung SDI announced that the company had become the first lithium battery maker to accept carbon footprint labels from Carbon Trust. Carbon footprint measures greenhouse gas GHG emissions throughout a product's life cycle from production, raw materials, and distribution to disposal.
(Source: https://news.samsungsdi.com/global/articleView?seq=30)
In September 2021, The Toshiba Corporation, Sojitz Corporation, and CBMM entered into a JDA (Joint Development Agreement) to commercially the next-generation lithium-ion batteries by using niobium titanium oxide for anode material.
(Source: https://www.sojitz.com/en/news/article/20210924-1.html)
Top Companies Market Share in Automotive Lithium ion Battery Industry: (In no particular order of Rank)
If any Company(ies) of your interest has/have not been disclosed in the above list then please let us know the same so that we will check the data availability in our database and provide you the confirmation or include it in the final deliverables.
According to Cognitive Market Research, North America currently dominates the Automotive Lithium ion Battery market, and the region is expected to have significant growth during the projected period. This is due to strong investments in EV infrastructure, government incentives for electric vehicles, and a growing demand for clean energy solutions.
Asia-Pacific is expected to make significant gains during the projected period, with the greatest compound annual growth rate (CAGR) due to its dominant role in electric vehicle (EV) production and the presence of leading battery manufacturers.
The current report Scope analyzes Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market on 5 major region Split (In case you wish to acquire a specific region edition (more granular data) or any country Edition data then please write us on info@cognitivemarketresearch.com
The above graph is for illustrative purposes only.
To learn more about geographical trends request the free sample pages.
Get Free Sample
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size was estimated at USD 57142.6 Million, out of which North America held the major market share of more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 22857.04 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.4% from 2024 to 2031.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size was estimated at USD 57142.6 Million, out of which Europe held the market share of more than 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 17142.78 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.7% from 2024 to 2031.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size was estimated at USD 57142.6 Million, out of which Asia Pacific held the market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 13142.80 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.2% from 2024 to 2031.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size was estimated at USD 57142.6 Million, out of which Latin America held the market share of around 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 2857.13 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.6% from 2024 to 2031.
According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market size was estimated at USD 57142.6 Million, out of which the Middle East and Africa held the major market share of around 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1142.85 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.9% from 2024 to 2031..
Global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Report 2025 Edition talks about crucial market insights with the help of segments and sub-segments analysis. In this section, we reveal an in-depth analysis of the key factors influencing Automotive Lithium ion Battery Industry growth. Automotive Lithium ion Battery market has been segmented with the help of its Material Type Outlook:, Vehicle Type Outlook: Distribution Channel Outlook:, and others. Automotive Lithium ion Battery market analysis helps to understand key industry segments, and their global, regional, and country-level insights. Furthermore, this analysis also provides information pertaining to segments that are going to be most lucrative in the near future and their expected growth rate and future market opportunities. The report also provides detailed insights into factors responsible for the positive or negative growth of each industry segment.
How are Segments Performing in the Global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market?
According to Cognitive Market Research, the cathode is likely to dominate the Automotive Lithium-ion Battery Market over the forecast period due to its critical role in determining battery performance, energy density, and lifespan. Materials like lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) are commonly used, influencing charging speed, power output, and overall efficiency, making the cathode a key factor in EV battery development.
The cathode is the fastest-growing segment in the Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market due to advancements in materials such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese, which enhance energy density and performance. Innovations in high-energy cathodes improve driving range, charging efficiency, and battery lifespan, driving increased demand for electric vehicles.
The above Chart is for representative purposes and does not depict actual sale statistics. Access/Request the quantitative data to understand the trends and dominating segment of Automotive Lithium ion Battery Industry. Request a Free Sample PDF!
According to Cognitive Market Research, the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) segment holds the largest share of the market due to their reliance on lithium-ion batteries as the primary energy source. BEVs require high-capacity, efficient, and long-lasting batteries to deliver optimal performance, driving the demand for advanced lithium-ion technology and significantly influencing market growth and innovation.
In the Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market, the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) sector has been expanding at a rapid pace due to their dual powertrain systems, combining internal combustion engines with electric motors. PHEVs offer extended driving range, lower emissions, and increased fuel efficiency, driving higher demand for lithium-ion batteries in this segment.
The above Graph is for representation purposes only. This chart does not depict actual Market share.
To learn more about market share request the free sample pages.
Get Free Sample
According to Cognitive Market Research, the OEM segment holds the largest market share by securing long-term contracts with battery suppliers and driving large-scale production of electric vehicles (EVs). Their strong influence enables them to dictate battery specifications, foster innovations in energy efficiency, and streamline supply chains, leading to increased adoption and market leadership.
In the Automotive Lithium-ion Battery market, the rapidly growing sector is the aftermarket category due to the increasing demand for battery replacement and upgrades for electric vehicles (EVs). As EV adoption rises, vehicle owners seek to extend battery life, leading to a surge in demand for aftermarket battery services and solutions.
Research Analyst at Cognitive Market Research
I am a research analyst working in the Transport & Logistics domain, and my primary responsibility is to conduct thorough research on various subjects and provide valuable insights to support client requirements. I have knowledge of research methodologies, and data mining which enables me to analyze large data sets, draw meaningful conclusions, and communicate them effectively. I stay up-to-date with the latest research trends, methodologies, and technologies to ensure that my research is accurate, relevant, and impactful.
Sneha Mali is a research analyst working in various domains including the Consumer Goods, market research and transport & logistics and her primary responsibility is to conduct thorough research on various subjects and provide valuable insights to support client requirements. Her knowledge of research methodologies, and data mining which enables me to analyze large data sets, draw meaningful conclusions, and communicate them effectively.Sneha stay up-to-date with the latest research trends, methodologies, and technologies to ensure that her research is accurate, relevant, and impactful.
In her current role, Sneha is committed to continuous learning and staying abreast of emerging trends in research methodologies. Regular participation in workshops, webinars, and industry conferences ensures that her skills remain sharp and relevant. She have demonstrated ability to transform complex data sets into clear and concise narratives that inform key business strategies. Collaborating with cross-functional teams.Sneha remains an invaluable asset in the dynamic landscape of market research.
Conclusion
Please note, we have not disclose, all the sources consulted/referred during a market study due to confidentiality and paid service concern. However, rest assured that upon purchasing the service or paid report version, we will release the comprehensive list of sources along with the complete report and we also provide the data support where you can intract with the team of analysts who worked on the report.
Disclaimer:
Material Type Outlook: | Cathode, Anode, Electrolytic Solution, Others |
Vehicle Type Outlook: | Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) |
Distribution Channel Outlook: | OEM, Aftermarket |
List of Competitors | BYD Co. Ltd., A123 Systems LLC, Hitachi Ltd., Johnson Controls, LG Chem, Panasonic Corp., Saft, Samsung SDI Co. Ltd., Toshiba Corp., GS Yuasa International Ltd. |
This chapter will help you gain GLOBAL Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Geographical Split.
Chapter 1 Global Market Analysis
Global Market has been segmented on the basis 5 major regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America.
You can purchase only the Executive Summary of Global Market (2019 vs 2024 vs 2031)
Global Market Dynamics, Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Only Pointers will be deliverable
This chapter will help you gain North America Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review North America Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 2 North America Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Europe Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Europe Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 3 Europe Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Asia Pacific Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Asia Pacific Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 4 Asia Pacific Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain South America Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review South America Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 5 South America Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Middle East Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Middle East Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 6 Middle East Market Analysis
This chapter will help you gain Middle East Market Analysis of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. Further deep in this chapter, you will be able to review Middle East Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market Split by various segments and Country Split.
Chapter 7 Africa Market Analysis
This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the market share among key competitors of Automotive Lithium ion Battery. The analysis highlights each competitor's position in the market, growth trends, and financial performance, offering insights into competitive dynamics, and emerging players.
Chapter 8 Competitor Analysis (Subject to Data Availability (Private Players))
(Subject to Data Availability (Private Players))
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
Data Subject to Availability as we consider Top competitors and their market share will be delivered.
This chapter would comprehensively cover market drivers, trends, restraints, opportunities, and various in-depth analyses like industrial chain, PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, and ESG, among others. It would also include product life cycle, technological advancements, and patent insights.
Chapter 9 Qualitative Analysis (Subject to Data Availability)
Segmentation Material Type Outlook: Analysis 2019 -2031, will provide market size split by Material Type Outlook:. This Information is provided at Global Level, Regional Level and Top Countries Level The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 10 Market Split by Material Type Outlook: Analysis 2021 - 2033
The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 11 Market Split by Vehicle Type Outlook: Analysis 2021 - 2033
The report with the segmentation perspective mentioned under this chapters will be delivered to you On Demand. So please let us know if you would like to receive this additional data as well. No additional cost will be applicable for the same.
Chapter 12 Market Split by Distribution Channel Outlook: Analysis 2021 - 2033
This chapter helps you understand the Key Takeaways and Analyst Point of View of the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery market
Chapter 13 Research Findings
Here the analyst will summarize the content of entire report and will share his view point on the current industry scenario and how the market is expected to perform in the near future. The points shared by the analyst are based on his/her detailed in-depth understanding of the market during the course of this report study. You will be provided exclusive rights to interact with the concerned analyst for unlimited time pre purchase as well as post purchase of the report.
Chapter 14 Research Methodology and Sources
Why Cathode have a significant impact on Automotive Lithium ion Battery market? |
What are the key factors affecting the Cathode and Anode of Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market? |
What is the CAGR/Growth Rate of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) during the forecast period? |
By type, which segment accounted for largest share of the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market? |
Which region is expected to dominate the global Automotive Lithium ion Battery Market within the forecast period? |
Segmentation Level Customization |
|
Global level Data Customization |
|
Region level Data Customization |
|
Country level Data Customization |
|
Company Level |
|
Additional Data Analysis |
|
Additional Qualitative Data |
|
Additional Quantitative Data |
|
Service Level Customization |
|
Report Format Alteration |
|